B-1/B-2 Visa USA: Business vs Tourism & How to Apply 2026

This article provides a comprehensive guide to the B-1/B-2 visitor visa category under US immigration law. It explains how the visa works, who is eligible, the evidence required, and what to expect during the application, interview, and at the US border. It also covers renewal, extensions, change of status, and the legal consequences of overstaying.

What this article is about: The B-1/B-2 visa is the standard route for temporary visitors to the United States who are not eligible for visa-free travel. It combines business (B-1) and tourism/medical (B-2) purposes in a single document, offering flexibility to applicants. By the end of this guide, you will understand the scope of the combined B-1/B-2 visa, the application process, the risks and restrictions, and the compliance requirements to avoid problems in future travel.
 

Section A: Overview of the Combined B-1/B-2 Visa

 
The B-1/B-2 visa is one of the most widely issued US nonimmigrant visas. It combines the visitor categories for short-term business (B-1) and tourism/medical purposes (B-2) into a single document. This section explains what the combined visa means in practice, the activities permitted, how visa validity differs from admission period, and why entry to the United States is never guaranteed even if you hold a visa.

1. What does a combined B-1/B-2 visa mean?

 
Even if you apply for a B-1 visa for business purposes or a B-2 visa for tourism, in most cases the consular officer will issue a combined B-1/B-2. This is not an error — it is standard practice designed to give flexibility where trips may involve both business and leisure. For example, an applicant attending a professional conference may also wish to spend time sightseeing or visiting relatives. With a combined visa, both activities are permissible on the same visit, provided they fit within the rules for the B classification and no employment is undertaken.

2. Permitted activities under B-1 and B-2

 
Under a B-1 classification, you may engage in activities such as:

• Consulting with business associates
• Attending professional, educational, or scientific conferences
• Negotiating contracts or settling an estate
• Undertaking short-term business meetings without pay from a US source

 
Under a B-2 classification, you may:

• Travel for leisure or tourism
• Visit friends or family in the US
• Receive medical treatment
• Participate in incidental social events or short recreational courses (not for credit)

 
A combined B-1/B-2 visa allows the traveller to engage in activities covered by either category. However, the restrictions remain strict — paid employment or study are not allowed under either B-1 or B-2.

3. Visa validity and admission period

 
Visa validity refers to the time window during which you may present yourself at a US port of entry. For many nationalities, validity can be granted up to 10 years for multiple entries. This period is set by reciprocity agreements and varies depending on nationality.

The period of stay is determined at the border by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP). Although most visitors are admitted for up to six months, CBP has discretion to grant shorter stays depending on the stated purpose. The authorised stay is recorded on the electronic I-94, which travellers should download after admission to check the status and end date.

4. Entry is not guaranteed

 
A visa only allows travel to the US border; it does not guarantee entry. On arrival, CBP officers will verify your purpose of travel, eligibility, and supporting evidence. Travellers may be questioned, asked to show their return ticket, funds, or evidence of ties to their home country. In some cases, entry can be refused.

For this reason, all visitors should carry supporting documents in their hand luggage that align with the visa classification — such as conference agendas, hotel reservations, or medical letters — to avoid delays or complications.

5. Section A Summary

 
The combined B-1/B-2 visa allows a single entry document for both business and tourism, removing the need to apply separately. Activities are limited to those permitted under B rules, with no US employment or study allowed. Visa validity is determined by reciprocity, but length of stay is set by CBP at entry. Because admission is never guaranteed, travellers must prepare documents that clearly support their stated purpose. This flexibility makes the B-1/B-2 one of the most commonly used US visa categories.
 

Section B: B-1/B-2 Visa Eligibility and Requirements

 
This section explains who can apply for a B-1/B-2 visa, what eligibility rules apply, and which documents must be provided to support the application. Meeting these requirements is critical to securing approval, since applicants must convince the consular officer that they intend a genuine, temporary visit consistent with US immigration law.

1. Eligibility criteria

 
Applicants for a B-1/B-2 visa must demonstrate that they:

• Are a national of a country not covered by, or not eligible for, the Visa Waiver Program (VWP)
• Hold a valid passport that will remain valid at least six months beyond their intended stay
• Plan a temporary visit only for business, tourism, or medical treatment, without employment or study
• Have sufficient funds to cover their expenses while in the US
• Maintain a residence abroad and strong ties that they do not intend to abandon
• Are otherwise admissible to the United States under immigration law

2. General supporting documents

 
Every applicant must provide a set of standard documents to show eligibility. These include:

• Valid passport: valid at least six months beyond the intended stay, with blank pages for the visa
• DS-160 confirmation page with barcode: the online nonimmigrant visa application
• Visa photo: a recent, compliant 2×2 inch photograph with a white background
• Proof of funds: such as bank statements, payslips, or tax returns showing financial ability to cover costs
• Evidence of ties to home country: for example, an employment contract, business ownership, property records, or family commitments

 
These documents must align with the declared purpose of travel, as any inconsistency will raise doubts about the application.

3. Additional documents for B-1 applicants

 
Business visitors are expected to provide extra evidence that their activities fit the B-1 rules. This could include:

• Invitation letters from US companies or organisations hosting the visit
• Employer confirmation letter setting out the applicant’s role, the business reason for travel, and who will pay the costs
• Conference agendas, schedules, or detailed itineraries of meetings

4. Additional documents for B-2 applicants

 
Tourism or medical visitors must tailor their evidence to show a legitimate B-2 purpose, such as:

• Travel itinerary, including hotel reservations and planned tourist activities
• Letters of invitation from family or friends, if visiting them in the US
• Medical documentation, where treatment is sought, including letters from both the applicant’s treating physician abroad and the US hospital or physician confirming diagnosis, treatment plan, and estimated costs

5. Applying after an ESTA denial

 
A refusal under the Electronic System for Travel Authorization (ESTA) does not automatically prevent a B-1/B-2 visa from being granted. Applicants must, however, disclose the prior refusal honestly on the DS-160 and be prepared to explain it at interview.
If a consular officer finds the applicant ineligible for a visa, they may consider recommending a nonimmigrant waiver under **INA 212(d)(3)** to US Customs and Border Protection. This discretionary process is initiated by the consulate and reviewed by CBP; applicants themselves do not ordinarily file Form I-601 for B visa ineligibilities.

6. Section B Summary

 
To qualify for a B-1/B-2 visa, applicants must prove that they are genuine visitors with a clear, temporary purpose. Evidence should include a valid passport, DS-160 confirmation, compliant photo, proof of funds, and ties to home country. Business travellers need invitations and employer letters, while tourists or medical patients must provide travel plans or medical documentation. Prior ESTA refusals must be disclosed but do not automatically disqualify an applicant. Consular officers may, in rare cases, seek a nonimmigrant waiver under INA 212(d)(3) where an ineligibility arises.
 

Section C: How to Apply for a B-1/B-2 Visa

 
This section outlines the step-by-step process for applying for a B-1/B-2 visa, from completing the online form to attending the interview at a US consulate. The procedure is uniform worldwide but can vary slightly depending on local embassy or consulate instructions. Applicants should always check the relevant post’s website for updated requirements.

1. Complete the DS-160 online application

 
The DS-160 is the standard online form for nonimmigrant visas. It collects personal, travel, work, and background details, and requires an uploaded photo that meets US specifications. Once completed, applicants must print the confirmation page with barcode for their interview. Any mistakes on the DS-160 can delay or prejudice the application, so accuracy is critical.

2. Pay the visa application fee

 
The current Machine Readable Visa (MRV) fee for a B-1/B-2 visa is **$185 USD**. This fee is non-refundable and must be paid before scheduling an interview. Depending on nationality, a reciprocity (issuance) fee may also apply after approval. Applicants should follow the payment instructions set out by the US Embassy or Consulate in their country and keep the receipt.

3. Schedule the visa interview

 
Once payment is made, applicants can book their interview appointment through the consulate’s scheduling portal. Appointments can fill up quickly, so early booking is recommended.

Most applicants aged 14–79 must attend an in-person interview. From **2 September 2025**, the US Department of State narrowed the rules on interview waivers. In practice, most applicants now need to appear in person unless they fall within limited renewal criteria, such as applying within 12 months of visa expiry and meeting other conditions set by the consulate.

4. Prepare for the interview

 
Applicants should prepare documents that support their stated travel purpose and prove their intent to return home. Examples include:

• Employer confirmation letters and business invitations (for B-1)
• Travel itineraries and hotel reservations (for B-2)
• Medical evidence, if treatment is sought
• Proof of funds to cover costs
• Evidence of family, employment, or property ties abroad

 
Consistency between answers and documents is essential. Any inconsistency can raise doubts about credibility.

5. Attend the visa interview

 
At the interview, a consular officer will assess eligibility based on the DS-160, submitted documents, and oral responses. Applicants should answer questions clearly, concisely, and truthfully. Supporting evidence must be readily available. In many cases, a decision is issued on the day, although some cases require further administrative processing.

6. Processing times

 
Processing times vary significantly between consulates and depend on demand, staffing, and individual case factors. Some applicants receive decisions within a few days, while others wait several weeks, particularly if administrative processing is required. Applicants should always check their specific post’s scheduling and processing estimates, as there is no uniform global timeframe.

7. Section C Summary

 
Applying for a B-1/B-2 visa involves four main stages: submitting the DS-160 online, paying the $185 MRV fee, booking and attending an interview, and awaiting a decision. Interview waivers are now available only in narrow circumstances, so most applicants must attend in person. Success depends on accurate documentation, consistent evidence, and clear answers at interview. Processing times differ by consulate, so applicants should plan well in advance of intended travel.
 

Section D: Practical Guidance for the Visa Interview

 
The visa interview is the critical stage of the B-1/B-2 application process. It is where a consular officer determines whether the applicant qualifies for the visa, based on their DS-160, supporting documents, and verbal responses. This section sets out practical advice on how to prepare, what questions to expect, and the common pitfalls to avoid.

1. Presenting yourself effectively

 
First impressions at the interview can influence how the officer views the application. Applicants should present themselves in a professional manner:

• Dress in business casual or formal attire, avoiding overly casual clothes such as t-shirts or trainers
• Ensure grooming is neat and consistent with a professional appearance
• Maintain calm body language, make eye contact, and speak clearly

 
While appearance is not determinative, it can help reinforce the credibility of the application.

2. Common interview questions

 
Consular officers will typically ask direct questions to confirm the purpose of travel, funding, and ties abroad. Examples include:

• What is the purpose of your trip to the United States?
• How long do you plan to stay?
• Who will pay for your travel and expenses?
• What employment or family commitments require you to return home?
• Have you visited the US before? If so, when and for what purpose?

 
Applicants should prepare short, consistent answers supported by documents, avoiding unnecessary detail unless asked.

3. Mistakes to avoid

 
Common errors at the interview include:

• Inconsistency between answers and DS-160 or supporting documents
• Over-explaining or volunteering information that raises additional scrutiny
• Appearing nervous or defensive, which can undermine credibility
• Bringing incomplete or disorganised documentation
• Failing to disclose prior refusals or immigration history accurately

 
The consular officer’s role is to assess credibility and intent; any red flags may lead to a refusal under section 214(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act if the officer is not satisfied that the applicant intends a temporary visit.

4. Section D Summary

 
The interview is an applicant’s opportunity to show that their visit is genuine, temporary, and fully funded. Presenting professionally, answering questions clearly, and providing consistent evidence are the cornerstones of success. Avoiding common mistakes such as inconsistencies or nervousness can help applicants demonstrate credibility and improve their chances of approval.
 

Section E: Traveling to the US with a B-1/B-2 Visa

 
Holding a valid B-1/B-2 visa allows you to travel to a US port of entry, but admission is ultimately decided by US Customs and Border Protection (CBP). This section explains what documents to carry, how to respond if questioned at the border, and the steps to take if issues arise. Understanding these requirements can help minimise delays and reduce the risk of denial on arrival.

1. Documents to carry when travelling

 
Even though the visa is stamped in your passport, CBP officers may request additional proof to confirm your eligibility. Travellers should carry:

• Passport with valid B-1/B-2 visa
• Return or onward flight ticket showing intent to depart
• Evidence of financial support, such as bank statements or pay slips
• Travel itinerary, including hotel bookings and conference or event details
• Letters of invitation from US hosts, if applicable
• Evidence of ties to home country, such as an employment letter, family commitments, or property ownership

 
Having these documents accessible in hand luggage can avoid unnecessary delays during inspection.

2. The role of CBP at the border

 
CBP officers have the authority to admit, limit, or deny entry. They will determine the authorised length of stay, usually up to six months, and record it on the electronic I-94. Travellers should download their I-94 after admission and check that the classification and end date are correct. Any errors should be corrected immediately at the port of entry or through CBP’s deferred inspection process.

3. If you face additional questioning

 
Some travellers may be referred to secondary inspection for further questioning. If this happens:

• Remain calm, polite, and cooperative throughout
• Answer all questions honestly and consistently with your visa application
• Provide documents that support your declared purpose
• If you feel misunderstood, you may politely request to speak to a supervisor

 
If admission is refused, CBP may offer the option of a “withdrawal of application for admission” instead of a formal removal. This allows the traveller to depart voluntarily without a removal order, which can carry more severe immigration consequences.

4. Section E Summary

 
Travelling with a B-1/B-2 visa requires preparation beyond the visa itself. CBP officers decide the period of stay at entry and may ask for evidence of funds, travel plans, or home-country ties. Carrying supporting documents and responding calmly and consistently to questions is key to a smooth entry. If problems arise, travellers may request supervisory review or, in some cases, withdraw their application to avoid more serious consequences.
 

Section F: Extensions, Overstay, and Renewal of the B-1/B-2 Visa

 
The B-1/B-2 visa is designed for temporary visits, but circumstances can arise where a traveller wishes to stay longer or continue travelling on an expiring visa. This section explains how extensions are requested, what happens if you overstay, and how renewal works. Understanding these rules is crucial to maintaining lawful visitor status.

1. Extending your stay in the United States

 
If you need to stay beyond the expiry date shown on your I-94 record, you must apply to extend your stay before your current period of admission ends. The correct form is **Form I-539 (Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status)**, filed with US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).

As of 2025, the filing fee is **$420 online** or **$470 paper**, with no separate biometrics fee for most applicants. You should submit the application at least 45 days before your authorised stay expires, including:

• A copy of your I-94 record
• Evidence of continued visitor purpose, such as updated travel itineraries
• Proof of financial means to support your extended stay
• A written explanation of why more time is required

 
While the extension is pending, you may remain lawfully in the US. However, you cannot work, study, or engage in activities outside visitor status.

2. The consequences of overstaying

 
Overstaying a B-1/B-2 visa has serious consequences:

• Any overstay, even one day, makes the current visa automatically void under **INA §222(g)**
• Departing after more than 180 days of unlawful presence triggers a **3-year bar** on re-entry
• Departing after one year or more of unlawful presence triggers a **10-year bar** under **INA §212(a)(9)(B)**

 
An overstay can also make it much harder to secure visas in the future, as it undermines credibility. To avoid this, always depart before your I-94 expires or file a timely extension.

3. Renewing an expired B-1/B-2 visa

 
A “renewal” is essentially a new visa application. The process mirrors the first application, with DS-160 completion, fee payment, and usually an interview.

From **2 September 2025**, the US Department of State tightened eligibility for interview waivers. Some applicants may still qualify if they are renewing within 12 months of their visa expiry and meet strict conditions, but most will need to attend an interview. Processing times differ by post and can take several weeks, so apply well in advance of planned travel.

4. Section F Summary

 
Extensions are possible by filing Form I-539 with USCIS before your I-94 expires, but approval is discretionary and requires clear evidence of ongoing visitor purpose. Overstaying automatically voids the visa and can trigger 3- or 10-year re-entry bans. Renewals require a fresh visa application, and interview waivers are now limited. Careful planning and timely action are vital to maintaining lawful status and avoiding long-term immigration consequences.
 

Section G: Changing or Adjusting Status from a B-1/B-2 Visa

 
Although the B-1/B-2 visa is intended for short-term visits, in some circumstances it may be possible to change to another nonimmigrant status or adjust to permanent residence while inside the United States. This section explains the rules, restrictions, and risks associated with such changes.

1. Change of status rules

 
USCIS permits certain nonimmigrants to apply to change status if:

• The applicant did not intend to change status at the time of entry
• The new category’s eligibility criteria are met
• Form I-539 is filed before the authorised period of stay (I-94 expiry)
• The applicant remains in the US while the application is pending

 
During this process, the applicant must not engage in the activities of the new status until USCIS grants approval. Importantly, travellers admitted under the Visa Waiver Program (VWP) cannot extend or change status, except in very narrow humanitarian circumstances.

2. The 90-day rule and intent

 
The so-called **90-day rule** is guidance issued by the Department of State in the Foreign Affairs Manual. It allows consular officers to presume misrepresentation if a person applies for a different status or engages in inconsistent activities within 90 days of entering the US.

USCIS is not bound by this rule but may consider similar factors under a totality-of-circumstances approach. Applicants seeking to change status should therefore be mindful of the timing of their application to avoid allegations of preconceived intent or fraud.

3. Illustrative scenarios

 
Examples of possible changes include:

• B-2 to F-1 (student): A visitor accepted by a SEVP-approved school may file Form I-539 with Form I-20 to change to student status. They must not begin study until USCIS approves.
• B-1 to H-1B (specialty occupation): If a US employer sponsors an applicant, the employer files Form I-129. If approved, the applicant may seek to change status to H-1B, though many must depart and reapply abroad due to the H-1B cap system.
• B-1/B-2 to L-1 (intra-company transferee): Executives or managers of multinational companies may, in certain cases, change to L-1 if employment history and corporate requirements are met.
• B-2 to marriage-based adjustment: If an applicant marries a US citizen, they may be eligible to file Form I-485 to adjust to permanent resident status. However, USCIS will scrutinise whether the visitor intended this outcome on entry. If intent was misrepresented, the application can be denied for fraud.

4. Section G Summary

 
Changing or adjusting status from a B-1/B-2 visa is possible but highly regulated. Applicants must not have intended to change when they entered, must file before their I-94 expires, and cannot begin the new activity until approval is granted. The 90-day rule guides consular officers but is not binding on USCIS, though timing remains important. Where intent could be questioned, it is often safer to depart the US and apply for the appropriate visa abroad.
 

Section H: Summary

 
The B-1/B-2 visa remains the most widely used visitor route to the United States, covering both business and tourism purposes in a single document. While it provides flexibility, it also carries strict limits on activities, requiring applicants to demonstrate strong ties abroad and compliance with visitor rules.

1. Key points to remember

• The B-1/B-2 visa combines business and tourist activities but does not permit employment or study
• Visa validity is determined by reciprocity, while CBP decides the period of stay at the border
• Applicants must show funds, clear purpose, and ties to their home country to secure approval
• Extensions require timely filing of Form I-539 before the I-94 expiry date
• Overstaying voids the visa and can trigger 3- or 10-year re-entry bans
• Changes of status are possible but scrutinised for intent, particularly within the first 90 days of entry

2. Section H Summary

 
The B-1/B-2 visa offers convenience and flexibility, allowing both business and leisure on a single entry document. However, its conditions must be carefully observed. Compliance with visa terms, accurate applications, and timely departures are the foundation of maintaining eligibility for future US travel. Applicants who understand the rules and prepare thoroughly are far better placed to secure approvals and avoid long-term immigration difficulties.
 

Section I: FAQs

 
This section answers the most frequently asked questions about the B-1/B-2 visa. The responses provide clarity on stay length, renewals, interview waivers, and the limits of visitor status. Understanding these points helps applicants prepare realistically and avoid common misconceptions.

1. How long can I stay in the US on a B-1/B-2 visa?

 
Most travellers are admitted for up to six months per visit, but the exact period is decided by the CBP officer at the port of entry and shown on the I-94 record. In some cases, shorter stays may be granted.

2. Can I work on a B-1/B-2 visa?

 
No. The B-1/B-2 does not authorise employment or US-source wages. It is strictly limited to visitor activities such as meetings, conferences, tourism, or medical treatment.

3. Can I extend my stay?

 
Yes, but only if you file Form I-539 before your I-94 expires. You must show continued visitor purpose, proof of funds, and a clear reason for the request. Approval is discretionary and not guaranteed.

4. What happens if I overstay?

 
Any overstay voids your visa under INA §222(g). Departing after more than 180 days of unlawful presence triggers a 3-year bar; one year or more triggers a 10-year bar under INA §212(a)(9)(B).

5. Do I qualify for an interview waiver?

 
From 2 September 2025, interview waivers are limited. Some applicants renewing a B-1/B-2 within 12 months of expiry may qualify, but most applicants must attend an interview. Always check your local embassy’s current policy.

6. What if my ESTA was refused?

 
An ESTA refusal does not automatically prevent a B-1/B-2 visa. You must disclose it on your DS-160 and explain it at interview. If you are ineligible for a visa, a consular officer may recommend a nonimmigrant waiver under INA 212(d)(3).

7. Can I change my status while in the US?

 
In some cases, yes. If you file Form I-539 before your I-94 expires and meet the new category’s criteria, you may be able to change. However, intent at entry is scrutinised. Those admitted under the Visa Waiver Program cannot change status.

8. Section I Summary

 
The FAQs confirm the core features of the B-1/B-2 visa: flexible for business and tourism but strictly temporary, with no employment permitted. Admission length is decided at entry, extensions are possible only with USCIS approval, and overstaying has severe consequences. Interview waivers are now rare, so most applicants should plan to attend in person. Clear preparation and compliance remain the key to successful travel.
 

Section J: Glossary

Section K: Useful Links